Abstract
The effects of high dose (3 3 1016 cm22) implantation of Ni, Fe, Co, or Mn ions into bulk, single-crystal SnO2 substrates carried out at substrate temperature of ;350°C to avoid amorphization of the implanted region on the magnetic properties of the material are reported. X-ray diffraction showed no evidence of secondary phase formation in the SnO2 . The Mn-implanted samples
remained paramagnetic, as also reported for samples doped during thin film growth, but the Fe, Co-, and Ni-implanted SnO2 showed evidence of hysteresis with approximate Curie temperatures of ;120 K ~Co and Cr! or 300 K ~Fe!. The carrier density in the implanted region appears to be too low to support carrier-mediated origin of the ferromagnetism and formation of bound magnetic polarons may be one explanation for the observed magnetic properties. The much reduced Curie temperature seen in Co-implanted SnO2 compared to material doped during pulsed laser deposition suggests the residual implant damage degrades the magnetic properties.