Abstract
Gadolinium vanadate (GdVO4) core and core + 2 shell nanocrystals (NCs) were evaluated for in vitro retention of 225Ac, 227Th, and their first decay daughters, 221Fr and 223Ra, respectively. GdVO4 NCs with a tetragonal crystal system (zircon-type) and spherical morphology were obtained by precipitation of GdCl3 and Na3VO4 using sodium citrate as a complexing agent. The growth of two nonradioactive GdVO4 shells on both Gd(225Ac)VO4 and Gd(227Th)VO4 core NCs was demonstrated by an increase of 0.7 nm and 2 nm in the crystallite size, respectively. The maximum leakage of 225Ac was 15% and 2.4% from core and core + 2 shells, whereas the leakage of 227Th was 3% and 1.5%, respectively. The presence of two nonradioactive GdVO4 shells increased the retention of 221Fr and 223Ra by 20% and 15% with respect to core NCs. Furthermore, a longitudinal proton relaxivity, r1 = 0.9289 s−1 mM−1, confirmed their potential application as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. In summary, GdVO4 NCs show promising capabilities as radionuclide carriers with partial retention of decay daughters and as contrast agents for theranostic applications.
