That finding was included in Science Watch, published by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), which examined the 300 most frequently cited papers for each year from 1990 to 1994 to arrive at its list of institutions ranked by citations and citation impact. The citations were from 150 ISI-indexed journals of materials science and metallurgy. Papers cited frequently in Science and Nature were also included in the group of 1,500 research papers published since 1990.
ORNL had a total of 866 citations, the highest among all DOE national laboratories. In a worldwide ranking of research institutes, ORNL was fourth behind IBM Corporation (1,818), University of California-Santa Barbara (1,174) and AT&T Bell Labs (1,095). Rounding out the top 10 were Tohoku University (753), DOE's Argonne National Laboratory (663), Stanford University (663), National Institute Standards & Technology (658), University of Illinois-Urbana (651) and U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (645).
ISI also ranked the citations according to impact, which it measured by citations per paper. ORNL finished 10th in this category, averaging 27.1 citations per paper. Carnegie Mellon University was first with 34.1, followed by the University of Illinois-Urbana (32.6), DOE's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (31.5), DOE's Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (30.7) and Kyoto University (30.3). Argonne was seventh with 28.8 citations per paper. Sandia National Laboratory, another DOE multiprogram research facility, was 23rd on the list with 24 citations per paper.
Among highly cited individuals, ORNL's C.T. Liu finished fifth with 10 papers cited 271 times during the five-year period. Easo P. George was eighth with six papers cited 204 times. Both researchers are from ORNL's Metals and Ceramics Division. A.G. Evans of the University of California-Santa Barbara led with 624 total citations and 19 papers. Evans is now a faculty member at Harvard University.
Turning to what ISI calls "high-impact papers," ORNL led the national labs with 32; Argonne had 23 high-impact papers. IBM led this category with 70, followed by AT&T Bell Labs with 50 and the University of California-Santa Barbara with 44.
ORNL, one of DOE's multiprogram national research and development facilities, is managed by Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, which also manages the Oak Ridge K-25 Site and the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant.