Abstract
Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we demonstrate that oxidation on Pb films is greatly enhanced
by atomic Cs catalysts. With only a minute concentration of isolated Cs substitutional atoms in the surface
layer (0.004 ML coverage), surface oxidation rates are greatly enhanced. First-principles density functional
theory (DFT) calculations reveal that a substitutional Cs atom strongly increases O2 binding on the surface.
Then, with additional oxygen exposure this substitutional Cs-initiated oxidation process results in growth
of PbO layers in an auto-catalytic manner. Furthermore, we investigate the role of temperature in the oxidation
of the Pb films with and without Cs, and we explore the overall morphology of the resultant oxide layers.