Abstract
Nonionic fluorinated polyphosphazenes, such as poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] (PTFEP), display superb biocompatibility, yet their deposition to surfaces has been limited to solution casting from organic solvents or thermal molding. Herein, hydrophobic coatings of fluorinated polyphosphazenes are demonstrated through controlled deposition of ionic fluorinated polyphosphazenes (iFPs) from aqueous solutions using the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique. Specifically, the assemblies included poly[(carboxylatophenoxy)(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazenes] with varied content of fluorine atoms as iFPs (or poly[bis(carboxyphenoxy)phosphazene] (PCPP) as a control nonfluorinated polyphosphazene) and a variety of polycations. Hydrophobic interactions largely contributed to the formation of LbL films of iFPs with polycations, leading to linear growth and extremely low water uptake. Hydrophobicity-enhanced ionic pairing within iFP/BPEI assemblies gave rise to large-amplitude oscillations in surface wettability as a function of capping layer, which were the largest for the most fluorinated iFP, while control PCPP/polycation systems remained hydrophilic regardless of the film top layer. Neutron reflectometry (NR) studies indicated superior layering and persistence of such layering in salt solution for iFP/BPEI films as compared to control PCPP/polycation systems. Hydrophobicity of iFP-capped LbL coatings could be further enhanced by using a highly porous polyester surgical felt rather than planar substrates for film deposition. Importantly, iFP/polycation coatings displayed biocompatibility which was similar to or superior to that of solution-cast coatings of a clinically validated material (PTFEP), as demonstrated by the hemolysis of the whole blood and protein adsorption studies.
