Publication Type
Journal
Journal Name
Advanced Materials
Publication Date
Page Number
85702
Volume
24
Issue
8
Abstract
Early stage of electroforming in TiO2 was observed by deliberately combining conductive atomic force microscopy and electrochemical strain microscopy. The negative differential resistance and the corresponding surface deformation were observed below electroforming voltages. The surface deformations induced by surface oxidation are thermodynamically stable, reversibly controlled by applying voltage bias of different polarities, and electrochemically less active.
